Global Vision Chicago
global vision chicago Containerization- Past, Present and Future Containerization is an inter-modal system of transporting the general cargo or product in lots which are too small for the traditio...
global vision chicago
Containerization- Past, Present and FutureContainerization is an inter-modal system of transporting the general cargo or product in lots which are too small for the traditional bulk transport system, using ISO standard containers. The goods can be easily moved from one location to another in these containers which can be loaded intact onto the container ships, trucks, railroad cars and planes. The concept of containerization is considered as the key innovation in the field of logistics which has revolutionized freight handling in the twentieth century. Benefits of Containerization Goods in lots which are too small for the traditional bulk transport can be moved using containers. Containerization is best option for high-value and delicate cargo as it provides safety from human and natural factors. As containers are moved intact, substantial amount of time and labor cost is saved which would otherwise have incurred in loading and unloading goods. It prevents poor handling of goods that results from bulk transport systems. Containers can act as mode of storage anywhere along the transport route. Container ships provide regular service to overseas ports, thus it minimizes the waiting time. Containerization reduces the transit time which not only offers a means of marketing for the producer that bulk systems cannot provide, but also helps to reduce the inventory costs and increases reliability. Following part explains the containerization in past, present future: The carrying of containers through ships started in 1951 between Alaska and Seattle. The first purpose built container ship the Clifford J. Rodgers was built in Montreal in 1955 which was owned by the White Pass & Yukon Route. In its maiden trip it carried 600 containers between Skagway, Alaska and North Vancouver, British Columbia. These containers could be moved by rail, truck and ships. This way gradually, the whole inter- modal system started operating. Malcom McLean, the US trucking industry player innovated the idea of using large containers, transferable on an inter-modal basis. With the abolition of Interstate Commerce Commission's regulatory, deregulation of maritime rates, trucking and railway it became possible to develop fully integrated system. Present Today containerization has become the integral part of logistics. It has revolutionized the cargo shipping. Today, nearly 90% of non bulk cargo moves by containers put on transport ships. One fourth of world’s total containers start from China. With the use of ISO standard containers, the size and shapes of commercial vehicles carrying containers are also getting standardized. Today, improved cargo security is seen as an added benefit of containerization. The cargo is not visible and hence less likely to be stolen and also doors of the containers are sealed so that its safety can be assured. Worldwide standardization of sizes of containers has lessened the problems of incompatibility and gauge. Today most of the trains in the world operate on 4 feet 8½ inch gauge track but many countries like Russia, Australia, Spain and Finland while countries in Africa and South America use narrower gauges. Some of the largest global players containerizing containers today are Bowen Exports, Theiler & Sons Goods, LLC and Patrick Global Shipping. Types of containers available to meet different needs: Open top bulk containers Open side containers General purpose dry vans Platform containers High cube pallet wide containers Containers with temperature controlling facility Ventilated containers Tank containers Flush folding flat-rack containers Future Containerization reduces time in transit, the inventory costs and increases reliability. Such benefits are forcing the industry to make it more favorable in terms of cost, flexibility and speed. As the Internet and other new communication technologies are developing, it is expected to bring more innovations which will further simplify the tasks of logistics. Many companies are designing the freighters capable of 14000 TEU. Container traffic from Asia is expected to grow more rapidly in near future. The containerization in terms of expansion is expected to be far rapid in China. The Asia's share of containerized exports to world’s total exports is expected to reach nearly 64 % in 2015. Past The effort to ship cargo in container initiated in the beginning of 19th century. These containers could be shifted from railroads to ships or trucks. The containers used at that time were much smaller than what we see today. In the mid 1920s Milwaukee Railway and Chicago North Shore started using shippers' vehicles and motor carrier vehicles on flatcars between the route of Milwaukee and Chicago. Later, Seatrain Lines carried railroad boxcars on ships to move goods between Cuba and New York. Also, the Chicago Great Western Railway and the New Haven railroad began transporting highway freight trailers on flatcars. In the early 1950s, these flatcars got more equipped with new decks. More Article: - http://www.shipping-exchange.com/articles/p1/shipping-industry-articles.htm About Shipping-Exchange.com Shipping-Exchange.com integrates shipping and logistics community worldwide to improve economies of freight. Vision and efforts of many industry professionals is helping Shipping-Exchange.com towards becoming the world's largest shipping and logistics portal. It enjoys industry support by maintaining an un-biased approach and offering all services and features absolutely free. You can visit this portal at http://www.shipping-exchange.com Source: - http://www.shipping-exchange.com/articles/supply_chain_article/p1/wbnaacf/containerization--past-present.htm About the Author Shipping-Exchange.com is world's largest free source of shipping and logistics news, freight quote, jobs in shipping & logistics, shipping directory, forums, education and knowledge center. We unite people who need logistics service (exporter and importer) with shipping lines, airlines, rail companies, freight forwarders, Trucking companies, NVOCC, Ports, ICD, Ship owner, Liner service, Container management, Chartering brokers, Warehouse operators, Consultants, Customs Brokers and Clearing House Agents. |
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The Paradigms Review
The state and its sovereignty are the face of new poles of power. In the realm of theory, revision of interpretive studies of the international scene has led to such divergent responses ranging from the conservative behaviorists to postmodern iconoclasts.
In response to the tangle of theories arises as Mendoza thesis that the specific optical (of theoretical and conceptual approaches) should be operational, depending on the purpose intended, the means used, the historical moment and even the social phenomenon under study.
The power struggle was not allowed to interpret the paradigm that, according to some authors, the reality of the processes and national problems, or those pertaining to the international arena.
For 45 years academics and political debates on security has concerning the assumptions, perceptions and interests of officials and academics immersed in the theories 'realists' of power and concerned about the rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union devoted much attention to the central concerns of the majority impoverished south: reducing hunger and poverty, equitable distribution of benefits from economic growth, improvements in health, education and social security, defense of human rights; consolidation of democracy, control of environmental degradation, and respect for the principles of self-determination, no intervention and national sovereignty. It is natural then the discredit of the security studies from those in the developing world intellectuals concerned about the welfare of their society. It is also logical rejection and suspicion when it comes to security.
Structural trends change and international social transformation caused, by the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the centrally planned economies, the single polarity in the military-political sphere, the economical poles , the emergence of centers of power than the government. International society was very different from that prevailing for almost 40 years and, consequently, political realism began to lose favor in academic circles and power.
New issues on the international agenda and did not permit a linear interpretation of the facts as offered by the era of bipolarity, which allowed to explain, through optical West - East conflicts in the second half of the century. The paradoxes of the contemporary world are grounded in real contradictions: the contradictions between democratic aspirations and constraints most elitist of the main actors of the market, the divorce of the symbols of cultural equality address the social economic assumptions, the inequities of power that transforms free trade in major regional social economic inequalities.
The struggle between capitalism and socialism apparently disappear with the fall of "oriental bear. The Helsinki agreements on disarmament and U.S. support for the government of Boris Yeltsin to leave it to Russia on nuclear arms control installed in the former Soviet republics, only came to ratify the trends of economic and political polarization were present from the early seventies, when the bipolar scheme began to move toward a polarity system.
Moreover, the weight of transnational corporations on domestic economies and their influence on the international economic, social theories pushed for a debate on the political role of the state in development. The power component of these axes showed the increasing influence of cheap ingredients, to the detriment of the military component.
As a result of the new profile of power and the emergence of centers of influence and power at international not government structures, the role of nation states began to be severely challenged from several angles. The attachment to political sovereignty encountered serious difficulties in the exercise of economic sovereignty. The result was the start of an intense series of challenges to the state role in development.
This criticism began to appear in the field of economic ideology and spread rapidly to the field of political geometry. Trends monetarist Chicago school found good reception in the conservative and the role of the state protect itself in a huge financial crisis - started to reverse the role assumed for decades to the impetus of Keynesian theories.
The crisis in the financial and monetary system, the new national entities and the relaxation of the harsh discipline of the power blocs in the political - military, are challenging the dominance of the state.
The new layering technology and production of large sectors of the economy was linked to the accelerated development of new financial and production centers and created the conditions necessary for the upgrading of economic theory will take place at the expense of political theories. Globalization has rapidly become the new government ideology. The formation of regional blocs and integration into new trends in the global economy became targets of government.
The school of realism entered in a process of transformation. The regional economic processes quickly and clearly showed that the predominant production and financial flows within, and their links with the external dynamics, involving theoretical and practical challenges that they could not be easily assimilated through the traditional application of the concepts and unbridled militarism of national power.
According to new external requirements and constraints prevailing abroad, the concepts of globalization, interdependence, sovereignty and inter sovereignty came to occupy the center of interpretive studies of national societies and international relations.
Since no country could exercise sovereignty under the autarchic vision that predominates throughout the modern history of the state. Now every country in the world is interdependent, whether in the light of the economic vision of globalization or interdependence of power schemes.
In defining its policy lines and strategies to the outside, the American state justifies and legitimizes the imposition of its perspective on the sovereignty of other nations, thereby endorsing the use of the full range of instruments that have and can deploy its power . Since the U.S. vision responds to its historical and cultural formation and clearly expresses his proclivity to act unilaterally by imposing their perspective, vision and capabilities.
The transnational development of social conflicts, (economic and political) in the world gives the challenges of national security and sovereignty new profiles. The same sense of threat has been regularly reviewed in this decade.
The classical concept of sovereignty is facing several challenges. From above, which concern over the nation-state, such as drug trafficking, pollution and terrorism; same must be resolved together, not isolated, in full respect with the sovereignty of a State. Especially with those who do not respect or recognize the role of nation states, such as religious movements, ethnic and social entities that seek to establish themselves sub national, local .
Issues like drug trafficking and organized crime, environment and human rights, emerged in international forums because of his immense influence with the national and international, regardless of frontiers, determining the exercise of sovereignty in its traditional sense . This influenced the revision of the paradigms of security.
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